SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
is
one of the verb forms associated with the present tense in modern English. It is commonly referred
to as a tense, although it also
encodes certain information about aspect in addition to
present time.
It
is called "simple" because its basic form consists of a single word
(like write or writes), in contrast with other
present tense forms such as thepresent progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has
written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present is identical
to the base form (dictionary form) of the
verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in
which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs
with irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present forms am, is and are.
The
principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that
takes place habitually, as in He
writes for a living (in contrast to the present continuous, which
refers to something taking place at the present moment: He is writing a
letter now). However certain verbs expressing astate, such as be and know, are
used in the simple present even when referring to a temporary present state.
There are also certain other uses (including those mentioned in the following
paragraph) in which the simple present does not reflect a habitual aspect.
Ø Verbal
(+) S + V1 s/es + O
(-) S + do/does not + V1 + O…
(?) Do/Does + S + V…?
Ø Nominal
(+) S + be(am, is, are) + Adj / Noun / Adverb
(disingkat ANA)
(-) S + be + not + ANA
(?) Be + S + ANA ?
- Usualy use daily activity
: Always, usually, often, seldom.
Example
of Verbal Simple Present Tense:
(+) My father goes to post office.
(-) My father does not go to post office.
(?) Does your father go to post office?
Example
Nominal Simple Present Tense.
(+) Marcella is a stronger woman.
(-) Marcella is not a stronger woman.
(?) Is she a stronger woman?
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
It
is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some
other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed;
however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with
different forms.
The
term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction
whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense
constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as
the past perfect and past progressive.
Ø Verbal:
(+) S + V2 + O + Adj / Noun / Adverb (ANA)
(-) S + did + not + V1 + O + ANA
(?) Did + S + V1 + O + ANA ?
Ø Nominal:
(+) S + to be 2 (was/were) + ANA
(-) S + to be 2 (was/were) + ANA
(?) to be 2 + S + ANA ?
Example
of Verbal Simple Past Tense:
(+) The Doctor went to the hospital
yesterday.
(-) The Doctor did not go to the hospital
yesterday.
(?) Did the Doctor go to the hospital
yesterday?
Example
of Nominal Simple Past Tense:
(+) He was a teacher.
(-) He was not a teacher.
(?) Was he a teacher?
Note:
Was: I, He, She, dan It.
Were: You, We, They.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
In grammar, a future
tense is a verb form that generally marks the event
described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the
future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love",
derived from the verbaimer ("love"). English does not have a future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways
of expressing futurity, particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall,
and grammarians differ in whether they describe such constructions as
representing a future tense in English, one and all.
The
"future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future
relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts whererelative tense is used it may mean the future relative to
some other point in time under consideration.
Ø Verbal
:
(+) S + Will/Shall + V1 + O + ANA
(-) S + Will/Shall + not + V1 + O + ANA
(?) Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + ANA
Ø Nominal
:
(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + O + ANA
(-) S + Will/Shall + not + be + O + ANA
(?) Will/Shall + S + be + O + ANA
Example
of Verbal Simple Future Tense:
(+) I will make a cake tomorrow.
(-) I will not make a cake tomorrow.
(?) Will you make a cake tomorrow?
Example
of Nominal Simple Future Tense:
(+) Belinda will be a singer in my birthday
party tomorrow.
(-) Belinda will not be a singer in my
birthday party tomorrow.
(?) Will she be a singer in my birthday party
tomorrow?
SIMPLE
PERFECT TENSE
The perfect is a verb form
found in certain languages. The exact meaning of the term differs depending on
which language is being described, but in principle the perfect is used to
indicate that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the present time
(or other time under consideration), often focusing attention on the resulting
state rather than on the occurrence itself. An example of a perfect construction
is given by the English sentence I have made dinner: although this
gives information about a prior action (my making the dinner), the focus is
likely to be on the present consequences of that action (the fact that the
dinner is now ready). The word perfect in this sense means
"completed" (from Latinperfectus, which is the perfect
passive participle of the verb perficere "to
finish").
Ø Verbal:
(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O
(-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O
(?) have/has + S + V3 + O
Ø Nominal:
(+) S + have/has + to be 3 (been) + non verb
+ O
(-) S + have/has + not + to be 3 + non verb +
O
(?) have/has + S + to be 3 + non verb + O?
Example
of Verbal Present Perfect Tense:
(+) I have finished my work.
(-) I have not finished my homework.
(?) Have I finished my homework?
Example
of Nominal Present Perfect Tense:
(+) She has been here for 20 minutes.
(-) She has not been here for 20
minutes.
(?) Has she been here for 20 minutes?
EXERCISES
1. I
spend my
money
a.
I spent my money
b.
I will spend my money
c.
I have spent my money
2. They
use that
one
a.
They used that one
b.
They will use that one
c.
They have used that one
3. We
study English
together
a.
We studied English together
b.
We will study English together
c.
we have studied English together
4. They
discuss their
work
a.
They discussed their work
b.
They will discuss their work
c.
They have discussed their work
5. They
have enough
time
a.
They had enough time
b.
They will have enough time
c.
They have had enough time
6. I
do all of the lessons
a.
I did all of the lessons
b.
I will do all of the lessons
c.
I have done all of the lessons
7. He
sits in that
row
a.
He sat in that row
b.
He will sit in that row
c.
He has sat in that row
8. I
drive my
car
a.
I drove my car
b.
I will drive my car
c.
I have driven my car
9. She
hides her
money
a.
She hid her money
b.
She will hide her money
c.
She has hidden her money
10. We
go to
school
a.
We went to school
b.
We will go to school
c.
We have gone to school
11. He
takes much
time
a.
He took much time
b.
He will take much time
c.
He has taken much time
12. Does
he eat there
?
a.
Did he eat there ?
b.
Will he eat there ?
c.
Has he eaten there ?
13. Do
you enjoy that work
?
a.
Did you enjoy that work ?
b.
Will you enjoy that work ?
c. Have
you enjoyed that work ?
14. Does
he write many letters ?
a.
Did he write many letters ?
b.
Will he write many letters ?
c.
Has he written many letters ?
15. Do
you send many letters
?
a.
Did you send many letters ?
b.
Will you send many letters ?
c.
Have you sent many letters ?
16. Do
they explain everything ?
a.
Did they explain everything ?
b.
Will they explain everything ?
c.
Have they explained everything ?
17. Does
she attend that class
?
a.
Did she attend that class ?
b.
Will she attend that class ?
c.
Has she attended that class ?
18. Do
you have enough time
?
a.
Did you have enough money ?
b.
Will you have enough money ?
c.
have you had enough money ?
19. Do
they copy the sentences ?
a.
Did they copy the sentences ?
b.
Will thye copy the sentences ?
c.
Have they copy the sentences ?
20. Does
she have much trouble ?
a.
Did she have much trouble ?
b.
Will she have much trouble ?
c.
Has she had much trouble ?
21. Does
she do good work
?
a.
Did she do good work ?
b.
Will she do good work ?
c.
Has she done good work ?
22. Do
the students practice
?
a.
Did the students practice ?
b.
Will the students practice ?
c.
Have the students practiced?
23. I
don’t stay
there
a.
I didn’t stay there
b.
I won’t stay there
c.
I haven’t stayed there
24. He
doesn’t work
hard
a.
He didn’t work hard
b. He
won’t work hard
c.
He hasn’t worked hard
25. I
don’t have any
energy
a.
I didn’t have any energy
b.
I won’t have any energy
c.
I haven’t had any energy
26. He
doesn’t pay the
bills
a.
He didn’t pay the bills
b.
He won’t pay the bills
c.
He hasn’t paid the bills
27. We
don’t see that
fellow
a.
We didn’t see that fellow
b.
We won’t see that fellow
c.
We haven’t seen that fellow
28. She
doesn’t use this
one
a.
She didn’t use this one
b.
She won’t use this one
c.
She hasn’t used this one
29. They
don’t remember
it
a.
They didn’t remember it
b.
They won’t remember it
c.
They haven’t remembered it
30. I
don’t do much work
here
a.
I didn’t do much work here
b.
I won’t do much work here
c.
I haven’t done much work here
31. He
doesn’t listen
carefully
a.
He didn’t listen carefully
b.
He won’t listen carefully
c.
He hasn’t listen carefully
1. Mr.
Harris taught English
at this school for five years.
2. I writen three or four
letters to that company.
3. The students in this
class done those
two lessons already.
4. I known professor moore for
more than twelve years.
5. Richard taken three courses in
English at this school.
6. These steps are
dangerous. I fallen on
them several times.
7. Mr. Kramer been in the United States for
three years.
8. The
janitor already shut the
back door.
9. The students read all the stories in
that book.
10.
Marjorie choosen a pretty
dress for the party.
11.
I spoken to my boss about
the problem several times.
12.
That
tree grown at
least five feet since last year.
13.
Miss
King spent over
eighteen hundred dollars since May.
14.
Mr.
and Mrs. Smith bought a
new house in North Plains.
15.
The
real estate agent sold the
Smith’s house.
16.
Charless had a bad cold for a
whole week.
17.
I’m
sorry. I forgotten the
name of that book.
18.
We already heard that new
song several times.
19.
Mr.
Wilson isn’t here. He gone out
of town for the weekend.
20.
Mr.
Kennedy worn his
blue suit to the office only twice.
21.
I sat in this same seat
since the first day of classes.
22.
The
money isn’t in this drawer. Someone stolen it !
23.
Up
to now, I understood every
lesson in the book.
24.
We had absolutely no trouble
with our car so far.
25.
No
one found that
girl’s purse and gloves yet.
26.
The
weather been very
warm ever since last Thursday.
27.
Mr.
Anderson and Mr. Brown had lunch
already.
28.
I seen the Empire State
Building hundreds of time.
29.
We already spoken to thr
director and given him the message.
30.
Grandmother never flown in an
airplane before.
31.
You torn your shirt ! There’s
a hole in the left sleeve.
32.
I already read the
customer’s letter and written a
reply to him.
INDONESIAN ORIGINAL CULTURE
Indonesia has many diverse cultures and ethnic culture that foreign culture , while the Indonesian National Culture since the oath of Youth , or since Indonesia's independence , so that the culture is very needed to be preserved and developed by today's young generation , so that the wealth of culture that Indonesia is always visible and viewed by other countries that how much the art culture that has been preserved and cultivated by our nation .
As an example of the existence of culture in Indonesia such as Batik art , Reog , and art Pendet . The culture is very distinctive and well-known in Indonesia . Developed nation is a nation that respects and is proud of its own culture . Of the culture of a nation can be seen from the progress of society and intellect . Indonesia as a pluralistic nation with diverse culture capable of attracting the attention of one of the world 's cultural heritage is the batik . Batik art is the art of creating an image motif design on the fabric for clothing that becomes one of the family culture of Indonesian kings of old. Batik is an original culture of Indonesia is one of the nation's cultural wealth that should be preserved and developed continuously storing wisdom rooted substantially in terms of ornamentation alignment , the manufacturing process , to how mengapresiasikannya , uniqueness , motives , and the resulting patterns of batik - batik in various areas is an incredible force especially for the wealth of Indonesian culture and not in any country that has a wealth of unique design motif on batik as Indonesian nation .
In Indonesia, even in the international world of batik has had a place in the hearts of the people . Yogyakarta and Central Java is an area famous for its batik handicraft products . This is due to the history of batik , which is a culture born of the ancient wonders of Java and growing rapidly in the area until now . Over the years , batik became a tradition passed down through generations . So batik designs also vary as well as models of batik and batik has now been moved worn by people from all walks of life .
Indonesian batik art history in dealing with the development of the Majapahit kingdom and the spread of Islam in Java . In some records , the development of batik is mostly done in times of Mataram kingdom . In times of Mataram kingdom , then in the kingdom of Solo and Yogyakarta . So the art of batik in Indonesia has been known since the time of Majapahit kingdom and growing the kingdom and later kings . That this batik art gradually imitated by the people nearest and subsequently expanded into the work of women in the household to fill his spare time . Then , batik clothes that were previously just plain royal family , then became a popular folk clothes , both women and men . White fabric that is used when it is the result of homespun . The coloring agents are used , which consists of plants native to Indonesia who made himself among others of indigo , Tarum , indigo , soga , and materials made from soda ash soda , as well as salts made from mud . Therefore , it's beautiful culture such as batik Indonesian owned by a very simple way of making and engaging with their own handmade .
The local culture in Indonesia is reog . Basically Reog is one of the cultural arts from Ponorogo , East Java, precisely in the fact Reog hometown . Ponorogo city gate was decorated by the figure Warok and gemblak , ie a person who appeared at the time ikkut Reog displayed . Reog is also one of the local culture in Indonesia is still very strong with things mystical and powerful mysticism .
In the show reog displayed mask lion-shaped head , known as " Singa Barong " king of the jungle , which became a symbol for Ketabumi , and above plugged in peacock feathers to resemble a giant fan that symbolize the strong influence of his Chinese colleagues who manage the over all his movements . Until now people Ponorogo only follow what the heritage, they are a very rich cultural inheritance . In his experience art is copyright Reog human creations that form the flow of the belief that there are hereditary and awake . The ceremony also use terms that are not easy for a layman to fulfill the absence of a clear lineage . Therefore they embrace Parental lineage and customary law still applies .
While Pendet a worship dance that many exhibited in temples , places of worship of Hindus in Bali , Indonesia. This dance symbolizes the descent of the gods into prnyambutan over the natural world . Along with the times , the Balinese artists change Pendet be " welcome greeting " although still containing the sacred religious significance .
This dance is actually a statement of an offering in the form of ceremonial dances . Unlike dances performances that require intensive training , these dances are taught to follow the movement and rarely done in the hamlets . Pendet be danced by all Balinese people , men and women , young and old . Young girls follow the movements of the more senior women who understand their responsibility to set a good example .
Examples of all the cultures that became one of the original culture of Indonesia from the beginning until now is still preserved and developed by many people . And it does not hurt us as citizens of Indonesia also proud , because our country has had so many diverse cultures and fascinating.
Indonesia has many diverse cultures and ethnic culture that foreign culture , while the Indonesian National Culture since the oath of Youth , or since Indonesia's independence , so that the culture is very needed to be preserved and developed by today's young generation , so that the wealth of culture that Indonesia is always visible and viewed by other countries that how much the art culture that has been preserved and cultivated by our nation .
As an example of the existence of culture in Indonesia such as Batik art , Reog , and art Pendet . The culture is very distinctive and well-known in Indonesia . Developed nation is a nation that respects and is proud of its own culture . Of the culture of a nation can be seen from the progress of society and intellect . Indonesia as a pluralistic nation with diverse culture capable of attracting the attention of one of the world 's cultural heritage is the batik . Batik art is the art of creating an image motif design on the fabric for clothing that becomes one of the family culture of Indonesian kings of old. Batik is an original culture of Indonesia is one of the nation's cultural wealth that should be preserved and developed continuously storing wisdom rooted substantially in terms of ornamentation alignment , the manufacturing process , to how mengapresiasikannya , uniqueness , motives , and the resulting patterns of batik - batik in various areas is an incredible force especially for the wealth of Indonesian culture and not in any country that has a wealth of unique design motif on batik as Indonesian nation .
In Indonesia, even in the international world of batik has had a place in the hearts of the people . Yogyakarta and Central Java is an area famous for its batik handicraft products . This is due to the history of batik , which is a culture born of the ancient wonders of Java and growing rapidly in the area until now . Over the years , batik became a tradition passed down through generations . So batik designs also vary as well as models of batik and batik has now been moved worn by people from all walks of life .
Indonesian batik art history in dealing with the development of the Majapahit kingdom and the spread of Islam in Java . In some records , the development of batik is mostly done in times of Mataram kingdom . In times of Mataram kingdom , then in the kingdom of Solo and Yogyakarta . So the art of batik in Indonesia has been known since the time of Majapahit kingdom and growing the kingdom and later kings . That this batik art gradually imitated by the people nearest and subsequently expanded into the work of women in the household to fill his spare time . Then , batik clothes that were previously just plain royal family , then became a popular folk clothes , both women and men . White fabric that is used when it is the result of homespun . The coloring agents are used , which consists of plants native to Indonesia who made himself among others of indigo , Tarum , indigo , soga , and materials made from soda ash soda , as well as salts made from mud . Therefore , it's beautiful culture such as batik Indonesian owned by a very simple way of making and engaging with their own handmade .
The local culture in Indonesia is reog . Basically Reog is one of the cultural arts from Ponorogo , East Java, precisely in the fact Reog hometown . Ponorogo city gate was decorated by the figure Warok and gemblak , ie a person who appeared at the time ikkut Reog displayed . Reog is also one of the local culture in Indonesia is still very strong with things mystical and powerful mysticism .
In the show reog displayed mask lion-shaped head , known as " Singa Barong " king of the jungle , which became a symbol for Ketabumi , and above plugged in peacock feathers to resemble a giant fan that symbolize the strong influence of his Chinese colleagues who manage the over all his movements . Until now people Ponorogo only follow what the heritage, they are a very rich cultural inheritance . In his experience art is copyright Reog human creations that form the flow of the belief that there are hereditary and awake . The ceremony also use terms that are not easy for a layman to fulfill the absence of a clear lineage . Therefore they embrace Parental lineage and customary law still applies .
While Pendet a worship dance that many exhibited in temples , places of worship of Hindus in Bali , Indonesia. This dance symbolizes the descent of the gods into prnyambutan over the natural world . Along with the times , the Balinese artists change Pendet be " welcome greeting " although still containing the sacred religious significance .
This dance is actually a statement of an offering in the form of ceremonial dances . Unlike dances performances that require intensive training , these dances are taught to follow the movement and rarely done in the hamlets . Pendet be danced by all Balinese people , men and women , young and old . Young girls follow the movements of the more senior women who understand their responsibility to set a good example .
Examples of all the cultures that became one of the original culture of Indonesia from the beginning until now is still preserved and developed by many people . And it does not hurt us as citizens of Indonesia also proud , because our country has had so many diverse cultures and fascinating.
Insomnia Can Increase Risk of Stroke
eople
who are plagued with insomnia may experience
increased risk of stroke , especially young adults , a new study from Taiwan suggests .
Insomnia and the Risk of Stroke
For four years , the researchers found that insomnia seems to increase the likelihood of a person having a stroke by 54 percent . Risk it skyrocket for people aged between 18 to 34 years , which is eight times more likely to suffer a stroke if they have insomnia when compared to those who obtain good quality sleep
" We pay attention to the very high blood pressure , obesity , and cholesterol related problems . All of it is a risk factor , "said Dr. Demetrius Lopes , director of Interventional Cerebrovascular Center at Rush University , Chicago . "Nevertheless , I found someone who did not get a good sleep routine can be life-threatening , especially at a young age . "
This new study compared the health records randomized more than 21,000 people with insomnia and 64,000 people without insomnia in Taiwan . Everything there was no diagnosis of stroke or who have a previous sleep apnea . The findings are published in the journal Stroke edition May
During the four years of monitoring , 583 insomniacs and non - insomniacs 962 are known to have a stroke . After taking into account other factors , the researchers concluded that people with insomnia have a higher risk of stroke than those who get enough sleep .
Ya - Wen Hsu , a researcher from Chia Nan University , and colleagues also found that the number of people with insomnia have a direct effect on stroke risk that they will face . People who suffer from insomnia constantly have a higher risk of stroke compared to those who experience transient insomnia . However , the two groups were at greater risk for stroke compared with those who had stopped experiencing insomnia when the study took place .
People with insomnia are also more likely to suffer as a result of risk factors that can lead to stroke , including diabetes , high blood pressure , and high cholesterol .
Although this study found a link between insomnia and a higher risk of stroke , it does not prove a causal relationship .
" We have seen that people who have trouble sleeping , generally have other health factors that may increase their risk for stroke , " said Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum , a preventive cardiologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City . " This problem , insomnia , have a variety of factors associated with it , where it can increase the risk of stroke . "
" It becomes a vicious cycle , " said Dr. . Mark Urman , a cardiologist at Cedars - Sinai Heart Institute , Los Angeles . " When you do not get a good night's sleep again and again , then it can contribute to other risk factors such as blood glucose levels and high blood pressure . " These factors , in turn , increases the further Insomnia .
On the other hand , enough sleep regularly can be beneficial to health . Sleep helps the body regulate blood pressure , regulate hormones , and reduce stress .
increased risk of stroke , especially young adults , a new study from Taiwan suggests .
Insomnia and the Risk of Stroke
For four years , the researchers found that insomnia seems to increase the likelihood of a person having a stroke by 54 percent . Risk it skyrocket for people aged between 18 to 34 years , which is eight times more likely to suffer a stroke if they have insomnia when compared to those who obtain good quality sleep
" We pay attention to the very high blood pressure , obesity , and cholesterol related problems . All of it is a risk factor , "said Dr. Demetrius Lopes , director of Interventional Cerebrovascular Center at Rush University , Chicago . "Nevertheless , I found someone who did not get a good sleep routine can be life-threatening , especially at a young age . "
This new study compared the health records randomized more than 21,000 people with insomnia and 64,000 people without insomnia in Taiwan . Everything there was no diagnosis of stroke or who have a previous sleep apnea . The findings are published in the journal Stroke edition May
During the four years of monitoring , 583 insomniacs and non - insomniacs 962 are known to have a stroke . After taking into account other factors , the researchers concluded that people with insomnia have a higher risk of stroke than those who get enough sleep .
Ya - Wen Hsu , a researcher from Chia Nan University , and colleagues also found that the number of people with insomnia have a direct effect on stroke risk that they will face . People who suffer from insomnia constantly have a higher risk of stroke compared to those who experience transient insomnia . However , the two groups were at greater risk for stroke compared with those who had stopped experiencing insomnia when the study took place .
People with insomnia are also more likely to suffer as a result of risk factors that can lead to stroke , including diabetes , high blood pressure , and high cholesterol .
Although this study found a link between insomnia and a higher risk of stroke , it does not prove a causal relationship .
" We have seen that people who have trouble sleeping , generally have other health factors that may increase their risk for stroke , " said Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum , a preventive cardiologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City . " This problem , insomnia , have a variety of factors associated with it , where it can increase the risk of stroke . "
" It becomes a vicious cycle , " said Dr. . Mark Urman , a cardiologist at Cedars - Sinai Heart Institute , Los Angeles . " When you do not get a good night's sleep again and again , then it can contribute to other risk factors such as blood glucose levels and high blood pressure . " These factors , in turn , increases the further Insomnia .
On the other hand , enough sleep regularly can be beneficial to health . Sleep helps the body regulate blood pressure , regulate hormones , and reduce stress .
